STANDARDISATION AND CERTIFICATION SYSTEMS USA - Мои статьи - Каталог статей

STANDARDISATION AND CERTIFICATION SYSTEMS USA Stephanie Haycock, General manager "Wendy`s”, USA Besedina O., student University of Washington, Washington, USA Globalization, as a result and integration are indispensable guide of modern economic processes. This contributes to the formation of the interdependence of different countries economies, increasing competition and requirements for various economy subsystems, which are expressed in standards and confirmed by certificates. U.S is not an exception. In the U.S. there are national (federal) standards and technical regulations. Development of national standards by organizations accredited by the American National Standards Institute: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM); American Society for Quality Control (ASQC); American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME); Association of Testing Laboratories of insurance companies, the Society of Engineers automakers (SAE), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), etc. These organizations develop and voluntary standards. There are 400 U.S. organizations and companies engaged in the development of voluntary standards. In the U.S. national standards body is NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) – non-governmental organization. NIST coordinates the voluntary standardization in the private sector, manages the activities of organizations, standards developers, decides whether to grant or not the status of a national standard in the case of interest in it by different companies, does not work out but approve the national standards that have kept the mandatory requirements for safe life and health of humans, animals and the environment. The members of NIST are more than 1200 companies, over 250 manufacturing and trading companies, scientific-technical and engineering societies. This organization is not funded from the budget of the country, so 37% of the contributions of member organizations, develop special programs for the orders of interested organizations – 15%, proceeds from the sale of various publications – 47% and other income – 1% (picture 1). Picture 1 – The NIST financing structure: 1 – contributions of member organizations; 2 – develop special programs for the orders of interested organizations; 3 – proceeds from the sale of various publications; 4 – other income Technical regulations are approved by government: Ministry of Commerce; the Ministry of Defence, the General Services Administration; the Federal Agency for Environmental Protection; the Federal Agency for Occupational Safety and Health at Work; the Federal Office for Food Safety and Drug Commission; Consumer Product Safety and etc. There is an obligation of certification such products, which adopted a national standard and the products that are purchased by the State on foreign and domestic markets. The legal basis for certification are the laws on product safety and the Law "On Consumer Product Safety". Voluntary certification is carried out at the request of customers or product manufacturers. There are three kinds of certificates in the United States, which are claimed by the Federal Government:  certification of products and services for security – are necessary to carry out (cars, containers, including for agricultural products, ships, main pipeline etc.; including food and medicine not only for humans but for animals, which tests are conducted for harmlessness and the effectiveness);  program verification samples of the products and industries, which replace the deep control (certified types of goods that are consumed in public institutions – the Department of Defense, Department of Commerce, Office of the rural electrification, etc., and certification is required if the products purchased by government organizations for public funds)  programs of quality and conditions assessment of production before it act in trade process (mainly voluntary, except for those which provide for certification of certain types of food products). Obligatory certification is controlled by public authorities. So there is a certification program in the private sector that is shared by firms and exporters from other countries. Certification Committee manages the Certification processes in the U.S, which is a part of NIST and presents ISO, IEC and other international organizations for certification. There are more than 2000 testing laboratories participating in certification work: large national laboratories, a lab research institutions and insurance companies and independent laboratories institutions and universities: National Association of Manufacturers laboratory electrical equipment; The American Association for gas, the National Association for the protection from fire; Office for the safety of food and medicines. Laboratory accreditation systems are the system of the American Association for Laboratory Accreditation (AALA) and the National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NULAP). Ukrainian producer who wishes to manufacture products for the U.S. market, should take into account that there are two categories of standards and three categories of certificates. Obligatory requirements are those which concern security of people, animals and the environment.
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